A nodal-integration based particle finite element method (N-PFEM) to model cliff recession

Cliff recession poses a significant threat to the built environment, transportation infrastructure and land use. In this paper, novel computational framework called Nodal-integration based Particle Finite Element Method (N-PFEM) is developed for modelling cliff resulting from weathering-induced landslides. The N-PFEM combines nodal-integration technique with PFEM in second-order cone programming thus requires no variable mapping operation, which essential classical history-dependent materials, large deformation problems such as landslides processes. To verify N-PFEM, series of benchmarks have been simulated including under both weathering-limited transport-limited conditions. Simulation results are validated detail these limit analysis method, well established geomorphologic models discrete element method. Additionally, measures preventing construction retaining wall structures also investigated using N-PFEM.